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Chapter 1: China-Hong Kong Relationship
- Hong Kong is part of China. The Democratic Party supports China's
resumption of sovereignty over Hong Kong in 1997. We support the implementation
of the Sino-British Joint Declaration and the fundamental policy of
"one country, two systems." We also support the establishment of the
Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR) in 1997, with a high
degree of autonomy and Hong Kong people ruling Hong Kong. The Democratic
Party firmly supports the return of Hong Kong to China and objects to
alienation or isolation of Hong Kong from China.
- The Democratic Party recognizes the Constitution of the People's
Republic of China and the Basic Law of the HKSAR. However, we call for
its amendment in order to achieve democracy and to safeguard liberty,
human rights and the rule of law.
- Hong Kong people are also Chinese people. We have the right and
responsibility to care about and participate in affairs concerning China.
It is the common wish of all Chinese to see China prosper, develop democracy
and the rule of law, and respect individual liberties and human rights.
The Democratic Party supports the development of democracy in China.
- China should respect the aspiration of Hong Kong people to develop
democracy and to safeguard individual liberties, human rights and the
rule of law. She should also respect the wish of Hong Kong people for
greater participation in the government of Hong Kong during the transition
period.
- Hong Kong people should maintain Hong Kong as their base and develop
Hong Kong, with a view to contributing to China's development. In this
process, Hong Kong people should maintain contact with China in various
ways. A stable China-Hong Kong relationship will help Hong Kong in achieving
this purpose.
- Mainland China and Hong Kong should cooperate in building relationships
in trade, science and technology, culture, sports and recreation, environmental
protection, etc. This will enable Hong Kong to play a more active role
in China's social and economic development. Meanwhile, Hong Kong's international
links may be used to facilitate exchange activities between China and
foreign countries.
Chapter 2: Hong Kong's External Relations
- We strive to maintain and develop Hong Kong's status as an international
trade and financial centre.
- We support the enhancement of Hong Kong's international status
in science, technology, education, culture and sports and encourage
communication in these areas among the relevant organizations here and
overseas. We also support Hong Kong's hosting of international conferences
to help Hong Kong develop as a versatile international centre.
- We aspire to maintain and develop Hong Kong's position in international
covenants (covering shipping, aviation, international trade, human rights
protection, etc.). We also support the introduction of appropriate international
treaties into Hong Kong as part of Hong Kong law.
- We strive to maintain the relationship between Hong Kong and
emigrated Hong Kong people and promote linking Hong Kong with other
countries of the world.
- We will maintain and strive for a good image and reputation for
Hong Kong internationally.
Chapter 3: Human Rights and Legal System
- We strive to establish and defend a legal system which aims at
safeguarding human rights and the rule of law and at eliminating all
forms of discrimination.
- We support the introduction of international covenants into Hong
Kong that provide for reciprocal juridical assistance and the protection
of human rights.
- After 1997, Hong Kong shall basically retain the present legal
system and jurisdiction of the courts. At the same time, there will
have to be legal and judicial reforms to cater to the needs of the transfer
of sovereignty.
- We support the creation of favourable political and social conditions
to consolidate the foundation for the rule of law and the independence
of the judiciary.
- Chinese and English should be of equal legal status in government
administration and judicial proceedings.
- We support the acceleration of localization of judicial and legal
officers, while maintaining the quality of judicial services.
- We aspire to strengthen and widen the provision of legal aid services,
to make it an independent support system to protect human rights and
maintain the rule of law. We support greater transparency and public
participation in legal aid and its related services.
Chapter 4: Constitutional Development
- Hong Kong shall develop democracy and institutionalize protection
for human rights in order to realize the principles of "one country,
two systems" and "a high degree of democratic autonomy."
- The aim of political development should be direct elections. The
Chief Executive, legislature and other tiers of representative government
should be directly elected according to the principle of "one man, one
vote." The Democratic Party will continue to strive for and promote
democratic reforms and render the executive and legislative branches
accountable to Hong Kong people through democratic elections.
- The civil service should remain neutral, but political accountability
of chief policy-makers should be enhanced at the same time.
- The legislature should establish open and democratic procedures.
It should strengthen its role of monitoring the Administration while
ensuring the stability and efficiency of the Government. The policy-making
statutory authorities and committees which are independent of the Government
must be accountable to the legislature.
- There must be separation of powers among the executive, the legislature
and the judiciary, with each branch monitoring and checking the others.We
support the comprehensive review and appropriate reform of the existing
electoral system and related laws to keep pace with democratic development.
Chapter 5: Economic Policy
- Hong Kong's economic prosperity is based on free trade, abundant
productive human capital and an open policy towards foreign investment.
Hong Kong needs to consolidate its status as a financial and trade centre
in order to maintain the confidence of local and international investors
in long term investment. This will maintain Hong Kong's prosperity,
stability and growth.
- The Democratic Party considers the principle of fair competition to
be compatible with principles of social justice and economic efficiency.
When the free market fails to provide suitable conditions for free competition
automatically, the Government should step in to ensure that economic
and social development receive equal attention.
- To ensure continuous economic growth, the Hong Kong Government
should not only maintain free market competition and the rule of law,
but also improve infrastructure, the dissemination of information and
labour quality, as well as contain inflation. Such actions will create
favourable conditions for Hong Kong's economic growth.
- Hong Kong's economic development strategy should be conducive
to mutual economic development between Hong Kong and the Mainland.
Chapter 6: Public Finance
- Public finance policies and measures should not only ensure effective
governance, but also promote economic growth and improve people's livelihood.
The Government must use proper public finance policies to achieve a
reasonable distribution of the fruits of economic growth.
- Public expenditure should be properly controlled but not restricted
rigidly to a fixed percentage of the Gross Domestic Product. Instead,
the percentage should be adjusted and reviewed continuously according
to changes in social and economic conditions. Meanwhile, in addition
to Gross Domestic Product data, Gross National Product data should also
be considered when deciding public finance policies.
- The financing of large and long-term investments, such as infrastructure
projects, should be spread across generations.
- Expenditure of public bodies independent of the Government should
be placed under public scrutiny.
- The Government should continuously improve the quality and quantity
of various current social services and improve other committed services.
- Hong Kong should maintain a fair, reasonable and stable taxation
system. It should be adjusted and reviewed regularly according to social
and economic changes.
Chapter 7: Civil Service
- Maintaining the stability and efficiency of the civil service is very
important to the smooth development of Hong Kong.
- The Civil Service should mainly be composed of local people.
- We strive to raise the morale of civil servants, establish a comprehensive
retirement system for them, and maintain a good relationship between
the Government and civil servants.
Chapter 8: Public Sector and Public Service
- Decent public services, such as health care, education, transportation,
etc., are basic necessities of modern societies. These services not
only improve people's standard of living, but also stabilize the society
and improve social efficiency.
- As direct and indirect users of public services, citizens should have
the right and power to monitor the running of public service bodies.
- To protect the rights of the people, there must be clear targets
and rules governing the standards and development objectives of public
services with respect to service quality, information about services,
choice of services, non-discrimination, complaint procedures(with compensations
and remedies), and efficiency (charges and profits). Also, public service
providers should make performance pledges to protect the rights of services
users.
- The Government should establish principles and standards to determine
if a public service provided by government departments should be taken
up by independent statutory authorities.
- When public service companies are operating according to business
principles, they should also consider other important factors, such
as service quality, affordability and effects on standard of living.
The legislature should have statutory power to effectively monitor fees
for public services.
Chapter 9: Urban Planning and Land Policy
- Land resources belong to the whole community. Urban planning and
land use should ensure the permanence of common resources, facilitate
social development, and maintain a harmonious relationship between human
beings and nature. Social development refers basically to the common
interests and development of individuals, organizations and their descendants.
- Land become private property through the leasing of Government land.
Property owners can freely dispose of their land according to law. Owners'
property rights and tenants' rights to use the land should be protected
by law. When the Government resumes possession of land, it should follow
clear and reasonable procedures and provide reasonable compensation.
- Under the principles of "one country, two systems" and "Hong Kong
people ruling Hong Kong," urban planning and infrastructure projects
should be entirely decided by Hong Kong authorities. However, in formulating
Hong Kong's development strategy, not only Hong Kong's long-term interests,
but also her relationships with neighbouring regions should be considered.
In addition, the needs and the economic circumstances of the South China
region should be adequately considered.
- Hong Kong's overall and local development, in such areas as the establishment
of new towns, improvement of rural areas, urban renewal, etc., should
be mutually compatible, so as to improve people's living standards and
stimulate economic growth.
- The process of urban planning should be in accordance with principles
of democracy, fairness and openness. People's right to access information,
to participate in policy development and to appeal administrative decisions
should be protected.
- Land is a scarce resource in Hong Kong. The Government should ensure
land use is compatible with the needs of the majority of people. The
Government should have a reasonable level of participation in the finance,
administration, and even construction work of land use projects, so
as to provide adequate flats and basic facilities, and improve people's
livelihood.
- Environmental impact assessments should be conducted before making
urban planning decisions or starting construction projects. The results
of these assessments should be binding on the relevant construction
projects.
- The Government should provide enough land to satisfy the needs of
trade, industry, housing and community facilities, and provide a comprehensive
infrastructure and transportation networks.
- Urban renewal should be conducted fairly and systematically. The Government
must ensure that people affected will obtain fair compensation and appropriate
relocation arrangements.
Chapter 10: Infrastructure, Harbour and the New Airport
- The development of infrastructure must be compatible with Hong Kong's
urban planning, so as to improve land use and provide better living
conditions and adequate basic facilities.
- To meet long-term development demands, Hong Kong should construct
airport and port facilities in accordance with international standards.
- We support the development of adequate infrastructure facilities
to ensure that Hong Kong can maintain and develop its current international
status in finance, shipping, air transportation and tourism.
- The strategy and decision to build airport and port facilities
should be in accordance with the interests of Hong Kong people. They
should also be compatible with Hong Kong's needs and development and
within the financial capability of the Government. Decisions on construction
projects must be decided in Hong Kong.
Chapter 11: Transportation
- Hong Kong should develop and maintain an efficient and safe transportation
system, in line with economic development and community needs.
- The Government is responsible for providing good quality public transport
and road systems.
- To improve transportation services, we urge the improvement of service
quality, moderate fee increases, and the establishment of an effective
monitoring system with full participation of Hong Kong citizens. Fares
for public transport services must be compatible with Hong Kong's economic
circumstances and acceptable to Hong Kong people, so as to attract more
people to use public transport.
- In developing transportation projects, the Government should also
consider environmental factors.
- The design of transportation networks should take into account not
only the needs of vehicles, but also the needs of all road users, including
the handicapped.
- We support the establishment of a freight transport system which is
compatible with long-term economic development and public transport
demands, in order to reduce congestion.
- When making decisions on long-term urban planning, demand for transportation
infrastructure and land-use must be considered together, so as to ensure
that supplementary transport projects keep pace with community development.
Chapter 12: Public Utilities
- In establishing public utility franchises and systems to monitor them,
the Government should take public interest as the primary factor of
consideration.
- Franchised public utilities should shoulder social responsibilities
and respect the public interest. They should provide services which
are adequate, reliable, safe and at reasonable prices.
- During their operation, public utility companies should minimize social
costs, for instance pollution, traffic congestion, general hazards and
inconveniences caused, during their operation.
- When a public utility company is earning a reasonable profit, it must
still provide those services which have no earning potential but are
important to the community. This includes operating bus routes which
may be unprofitable for the company.
- Public utility companies should actively disclose basic information
about their services, including quality and quantity of services (for
instance schedule and scope of services, etc.), principles used in setting
fares, safety measures employed, complaint channels, and financial and
business data.
- People become consumers of public utility services mainly because
there is a lack of choice. They should have the right to monitor the
service providers. The Government should reform the present monitoring
mechanisms, which lack public participation and legitimacy, so as to
enable more effective monitoring of the public utilities by the public
and its representatives.
- Public utilities serve the public, so that setting fares should not
be based on commercial principles and financial circumstances alone.
In adjusting fees, factors like local economic circumstances, quality
of services, and public opinion should also be considered.
- The Government should open up public utility services markets
as far as possible, so as to introduce fair competition, improve quality
of services, and reduce the present oligarchic situation.
- To protect the public interest, the Government should issue clear
standards and rules to public utility companies in relation to the quality
and quantity of services, choice of services, information published,
fairness in the provision of service, complaint handling, and consumer
rights. The Government, service providers and service users should respect
and abide by the standards and rules.
- Some public utilities companies engage in other businesses, such as
advertising, property development, and providing various services to
the Mainland. They enjoy their advantageous status as franchised companies
that can reap the benefits of economies of scale. The Government must
ensure, through specific terms in franchise agreements or in law, that
those expenditures should not be paid for by users of the franchised
services. Instead, users of the franchised services should be able to
benefit from the profits generated from the other businesses.
Chapter 13: Environmental Protection
- The Government has the responsibility to control environmental
pollution and to protect every citizen from contamination of all sorts
due to polluting activities. This is to ensure there is a suitable living
environment for every citizen and his or her descendants.
- The Government should strengthen measures to protect our ecological
system and preserve the greening of our city; this means ensuring the
existing ecological system will not be subjected to irreparable damage
and, in particular, protecting internationally recognized endangered
species.
- Polluters should pay the cost of dealing with environmental pollution.
- The Government should promote public awareness on saving resources
and energy.
- The Government has the obligation to ensure that the provisions in
international agreements and covenants protecting the environment and
living species are being observed in Hong Kong.
- The subject of environmental protection should also be considered
when economic and social developments are being planned. There should
be a balance for human beings and ecological systems to co-exist, permitting
the continuity of nature and our social resources.
Chapter 14: Education
- Education is concerned with the development of humankind. Therefore,
education should aim at teaching our next generation to be loving in
our families, community, country and nation, in addition to preserving
peace on earth. In addition to teaching academic knowledge, education
policy should then aim at helping students to develop independent minds,
healthy moral standards, decent temperaments, and to be honest, responsible,
just and loving persons.
- Every citizen is entitled to the right to education. The Government
has the obligation to provide enough resources to ensure all children
at school age have the opportunity to receive a standard education.
- There should be enough places in schools to fulfill the policy of
providing nine years universal schooling. Therefore, it is necessary
to take into account the varied standards and specific needs of different
types of students in preparing the education curriculum. This is also
important when the administration is formulating examination systems,
providing qualified teachers and allocating other resources. The goal
is to fully develop the potential of every student.
- Education is part of the manpower policy for our community at large.
It is, therefore, necessary to consider the social, political and economic
needs of our community in the formulation of education policy. The rights
to education and employment for every individual should also be taken
into account when education policy is planned.
- Education policy varies at different stages of education. There
should be a comprehensive and integrated scheme for pre-school education,
basic 9-year education, high school education, college education, special
education and vocational training programs.
- Education policy should be open and transparent. Students and parents
should be as involved as the teachers and school masters in school matters.
Outside the school, there should be a community organisation which is
open to the public, that monitors school management.
Chapter 15: Manpower (Labour)
- Production is fundamental to the fortune of humankind. Manpower
resources should therefore be treated as invaluable assets and be respected
as such. Manpower resources should not be treated purely as a production
tool. Since productivity depends on a number of factors, such as the
working environment, job nature (whether compatible with workers¡¦
specialties and interests), job rewards and security, and employer-employee
relationships, it is important to devise a manpower policy which provides
for good employment opportunities and retirement protection schemes
in order to protect the individual labourer as well as to improve economic
development.
- Manpower is an important element of economic activity in a community.
And manpower policy should complement industrial policy and technology
policy in our economic development. Thus, the formulation of manpower
policy should vary with the changing economic infrastructure.
- Members of Hong Kong¡¥s labour force have played a very
important role in Hong Kong¡¦s economic development; thus,
they should have a reasonable share of the fruits of their economic
achievements.
- It is because of the unequal positions of employers and employees
in the labour market that the labour market is particularly biased towards
employers rather than the more even situation found in a free market
system. Thus, the Government cannot simply rely on the market but must
provide protection for the interests of the labour sector. The degree
of involvement of the Government should vary according to social needs
and economic development.
- In compliance with international labour conventions, Hong Kong should
as soon as possible legislate to ensure job protection, occupational
safety and comprehensive social security. Laws should also be passed
to protect the rights to organize trade unions, to strike and to use
collective bargaining power.
- The Government and employers should cooperate with each other to provide
enough vocational education and retraining to ensure workers keep up
with our advancing economy and technology.
Chapter 16: Housing
- Housing is a fundamental need and right of every citizen. It should
therefore be the aim of the Government's housing policy to ensure that
every family can own a permanent and self-contained home at a price
the family can afford.
- Public housing is a kind of social service. The Government should
spend more resources to provide more public housing so as to bridge
the gap between the rich and poor and hence to increase social stability.
- It is the Government's obligation to provide for the lower and middle
classes public housing (whether for rent or for sale) which is self-contained,
meets reasonable living standard, and is affordable to them.
- Both the authority for and the decision mechanism regarding the devising
of housing policy should be open and democratic.
- The future Long Term Housing Strategy should aim to provide public
housing for families on the public housing waiting list, in Temporary
Housing Areas, in hillside squatters residences, in old private buildings
and with special needs.
- The Government should monitor and take measures to regulate the prices
of private properties so as to eliminate their chaotic fluctuation,
which is the result of controlled supply of and speculation on private
properties. Measures to be taken may include regulating the supply and
demand of land, providing reasonable quantities of public housing at
reasonable prices, and the taxation system. This is to protect the housing
rights of all citizens as well as the community interest at large.
Chapter 17: Social Welfare
- It is the fundamental right of every citizen to receive social
welfare services. The Government has the obligation to protect this
right and to provide a healthy social welfare system. Every citizen
should have an equal opportunity to receive a reasonable level of social
welfare services.
- A reasonable social welfare system should provide not only a safety
net for the most needy people, but also an environment whereby every
citizen has a chance to develop his personal potential so as to minimize
social injustice and discrimination and to enhance social stability.
- The Government should strengthen its commitment to provide social
welfare services in coordination with other social policies such as
those regarding housing, medical and health, education and manpower
etc. This helps to build up a caring community, and to facilitate families,
relatives and neighbourhoods to establish a mutual assistance relationship.
- In the light of the fact that social welfare expenditure amounts to
a very low percentage of gross domestic product (GDP), the Government
should at a reasonable level increase spending on social welfare services.
The rate of increase of social welfare expenditure should not be less
than the net rate of growth of Hong Kong¡¦s economy.
- The Government should provide not only those social welfare services
which are required by law, but also assistance to non-government organizations
in order to develop social welfare services outside the statutory system.
- The Government should implement administrative, legal and tax measures
to encourage businesses to provide welfare services for their employees.
- The principle that all costs are recovered by the programs they
support should not be applied to social welfare services. People may
be charged a nominal fee for social welfare services, so as to encourage
proper use of the services.
- The recipients of services have the right to monitor the quality of
those services.
- In formulating public policies, the Government should take into account
their effects on the integration of neighbourhood and intra-family relationships
as well as on personal growth.
Chapter 18: Medical and Health Care
- It is the fundamental right of every citizen to be able to receive
comprehensive, high quality medical and health care services so that
everyone in the community is able to live in good health. The whole
community benefits from good public health.
- The Government has the responsibility of providing comprehensive and
high quality medical and health care services, including proactive and
preventive primary care services, and curative and rehabilitative care,
so as to safeguard the physical and mental health of all people and
hence to ensure a healthy community.
- The Government should monitor both public and private medical
and health care services to ensure that they are of high quality, to
encourage their upgrade from time to time to meet changing social needs
and expectations, and to keep pace with technological development.
- Public medical and health care services are social services, thus
a low fee policy should be maintained. The medical charging scheme should
not simply be based on the cost of providing medical services. This
is to ensure that no one will be without suitable medical treatment
for financial reasons.
- The Government should establish a central medical insurance scheme
which the general public can afford.
- The process of devising medical and health policy should be open so
that the public can contribute its ideas and monitor the process. The
Government is obliged to ensure that the Hospital Authority and the
other public bodies providing medical and health care services are accountable
to the public. Other social services such as social welfare, social
security, education, labour and housing should be coordinated with medical
and health care services to ensure the well being of the entire community.
- Patients' rights should be given adequate protection. Public medical
and health care services should be easily accessible to the general
public and every citizen should have a choice of where to receive auxiliary
medical and health care services.
- The Government should spend more resources to promote primary
care services, which should supplement hospital services. Both the Government
and the medical and health care professional bodies should work together
to promote health care education to the public to help build a more
healthy community.
Chapter 19: Culture, Art and Information
- The Government should encourage the development of cultural activities
in Hong Kong and provide a healthy environment for it.
- Every citizen should have the right and opportunity to take part
in different cultural activities so as to increase the availability
of diverse programmes.
- The Government should promote and protect the freedom of expression
in artistic performance by repealing laws and eliminating measures which
restrict this fundamental freedom.
- Public cultural bodies should adhere to the principles of democracy,
transparency and accountability in running their businesses.
- Press freedom and citizens' rights to be informed should be protected
so that the mass media will not be subjected to commercial or political
pressure which will endanger the freedom to report and publish.
- The mass media should not discriminate against any sex, race,
social class, or social or political organizations.
- The Government should implement policies which balance the commercial
interests of the owners of mass media companies and the public interest
of the community at large. The mass media should then provide greater
varieties of programs of good quality and low cost. The electronic mass
media should provide more informational and educational programmes.
- The Government should promote local and overseas communications
businesses by opening the relevant markets and eliminating monopolies.
This will enhance competition and provide a better environment for the
development of communications businesses.
Chapter 20: Security
- In order to establish a healthy community, the Government must
commit itself to providing many different types of social services in
order to produce a stable, fair and free community. The ultimate solution
to stopping crime is to provide the basic elements of a healthy community,
namely to provide healthy moral standard, and a reasonable distribution
of social resources and income across the community.
- The fundamental human rights of every citizen should be protected
and the rights to liberty and human dignity should be respected, even
when enforcing the law and maintaining public order.
- Since social stability is the fundamental condition for a peaceful
community, crime prevention is as important as the punishment of criminals.
- The Government should frequently review the manpower, equipment,
and power given to the disciplinary forces so that they are well equipped
to perform their duties effectively and to safeguard law and order.
- Correctional services should aim to both punish criminals and improve
their behaviour.
- The Government should strengthen its work with neighboring countries
to fight cross-border crime.
Chapter 21: Women
- Both sexes are equal before the law and should be given equal
opportunities and equal rights in the economic, political and social
arenas. There should not be any discrimination based on sex.
- The community should show respect for women and protect them from
the threat of sexual harassment, violence and sexual torture.
- The community should help women develop to their potential by encouraging
them to participate in social affairs.
- The Government should eliminate all forms of discrimination against
women in our laws and institutions. In formulating policies and administrative
measures, the Government should protect the rights of women and encourage
equal opportunities for men and women. The Government should strengthen
school and civic education promoting the awareness of equal opportunities
for men and women.
Chapter 22: Youth
- The young should not only be considered precious community resources,
but also be given respect and the opportunity to live and grow in a
free and democratic environment.
- The young are entitled to be cared for. This is their fundamental
right. Families and the community have a responsibility to provide appropriate
living conditions such as a healthy environment and a good education
system.
- The community should encourage the young and give them opportunities
to participate in youth affairs so that they can contribute their efforts,
take up appropriate responsibilities and, thereby protect their rights.
- The community should provide enough resources to every family so that
they can play a more important role in taking care of their own kids.
- The objective of youth services is to help the young develop to their
full potential and, in the end, to grow up to be mature, responsible
and thoughtful people who care for their families, communities, nation
and the world.
Chapter 23: Elderly
- Every individual, family and community has the obligation to take
care of the needs of senior citizens. The community should respect them.
- Senior citizens should be given adequate protection for their rights
to housing, medical and health services, employment, social functions
and individual respect.
- The Government should take into account the possible effects on elderly
services when formulating social welfare and other public policies.
The Democratic Party's Position on the 1989 Democracy Movement
in Mainland China
- The Chinese Government crushed the 1989 Democracy Movement killing
many students and civilians. This was a grave error of the Chinese Government.
The Government was acting against the will of the people and assaulted
them in the end. The Democratic Party deeply regrets the June 4 Massacre
and solemnly condemns the Chinese Government¡¦s destruction
of the Democracy Movement. The Chinese Government is responsible for
this atrocity and the officials in charge are accountable for their
action. The Chinese Government should overrule its position on the event,
confirming that the 1989 Democracy Movement was a patriotic movement,
not a riot.
- The Democratic Party shall fight for the amendment of the Basic
Law before 1 July 1997, so as to allow for the direct, open and fair
election of the Chief Executive of the Special Administrative Region
(SAR) and all Legislative Council Members.
- The Democratic Party shall fight for direct elections for the seats
of the SAR representatives to the Chinese National People's Congress
so that the SAR representatives are to be elected by an open and fair
direct election system after 1 July 1997.
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